Julia Amanda

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Name : Julia Amanda
Class : 3DB01
NPM : 30107961



MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS



A company often becomes involved in international trade by exchanging goods or services with another country-importing raw materials it may need for production or exporting finished products to a foreign market. Establishing these trade relationships is the first step in the development of a multinational business. At this stage, however the corporation's emphasis is still on the domestic market. As trade expands, the corporation's dealing with companies or people outside the “home country” of that corporation increase.

The corporation then begins to view the whole world as a base for production and marketing operations. The next step in the development of a multinational business is focusing on the world market. The company may establish a foreign assembly plant, engage in contract manufacturing, or build a foreign manufacturing company or subsidiary. Therefore, a multinational corporation is a company that is primarily based in one country and has production and marketing activities in foreign countries.

Since World War II, multinational corporations have grown rapidly. The names and products of many of the multinational have become well-known in the world marketplace: International Business Machines (IBM), Royal Dutch Shell, Panasonic, Coca-Cola, and Volkswagen. Coca-Cola, for example, now has operations in more then 180 countries.

A multinational corporation operates in a complex business environment. Cultural, social, economic, political, and technological system vary from country to country. In order to operate successfully, a multinational company needs a basic understanding and appreciation of the foreign business environment.


Comprehension


A. Answer the following questions about multinationals. Questions with asterisk (*) cannot be answered directly from the text.

1. What is the first step in the development of a multinational business?

2. Where is the company's emphasis when it is simply trading with other countries?

3. What market does a multinational corporation focus on?

4. A company may establish its manufacturing operations in foreign countries? What are three forms that these operations may take?

5. What is a multinational corporation?

6 When have multinationals grown rapidly? *Why do you think they have experienced this period of rapid growth?

7. *What are some products that are produced by the following multinational corporations: IBM, Coca-Cola, Panasonic, Shell, and Volkswagen?

8. *Why does a multinational corporation operate in a more complex business environment than a domestic company?

9. *What are some of the social and political factors that can vary from country to country?

10. Why does a multinational corporation need a basic understanding of foreign business environments? *How can a multinational gain this understanding?

Answer:

1. The first step (it) is establishing the trade relationship with another country.

2. The companies emphasis (it) is still on the domestic market.

3. A multinational corporation (it) focuses on the world market.

4. The three forms (they) are: It may establish a foreign assembly plant, engage in contract manufacturing, and build a foreign manufacturing company or a subsidiary.

5. A multinational corporation (it) is a company that is primary based in one country and has production and marketing activities in foreign countries.

6. Multinationals (they) have grown rapidly since World War II. Because during the war many countries knew what resources are scarce or abundant in other countries.

7. IBM: International Business Machines, Royal Dutch Shell oil, Panasonic electronic, Coca-Cola soft drink, Volkswagen automobiles.

8. Because a multinational corporation focuses on the world market, and each country has its own system: culturally, economically, politically and technologically. Where as a domestic company only operates in one country which its system its already familiar.

9. Socially: In Japan life time employment system is applied, where as in Indonesia contract system employment is used.

Politically: Thailand is monarchism, Indonesia is democratic.

10. In order to operate successfully. This understanding can be gained through market research.



B. Determine which of the following statement are true and which are false. Then put T or F in the blanks. Rewrite false statements to make them true.

1. T Multinational corporations have grown rapidly since 1945.

2. F Any company engaged in international trade is a
multinational business.

3. T In order to operate successfully, a multinational company
needs to be aware of national and international business
environments

4. F A multinational corporation focuses on its “home country”
or domestic market.

5. F A multinational company does not establish factories in
foreign countries.




Vocabulary Exercises


A. Write down any terms that you did not understand in the reading. Find each term in the reading, look at its context, and try to figure out the meaning. Discuss these terms with your classmates.


B. Look at the terms in the left-hand column and find the correct synonyms or definitions in the right-hand column. Copy the corresponding letters in
the blanks.

1. _j_ corporation (line 5) a. chiefly; principally

2. _e_ expand (line 6) b. function in; work in

3. _g_ view (line 8) c. change

4. _i_ stage (line 5) d. a company having more than half
of its stock owned by another
company

5. _a_ primarily (line 13) e. increase the dimensions of

6. _h_ base (line 8) f. growth; expansion

7. _c_ vary (line 21) g. see; look at

8. _d_ subsidiary (line 21) h. foundation

9. _b_ operate in (line 20) i. a step in development

10._f_ development (line 4) j. a type of business organization
formed by an association of
stockholders


C. Fill in the blanks in the following paragraph with the most appropriate terms form the list.

base operate in appreciation of expands
vary corporation development subsidiary
stages involved in view relationships

During the development of a corporation, the organizational structure may vary over time and pass through a number of stages. As the corporation grows, it expands its operations. It might become involved in setting up a subsidiary. Although the corporation still has a primary or “home base,” establishment of a subsidiary allow the company to enter into new relationships with a view toward increasing its production and marketing capabilities.




Text Analysis


Look at the reading to answer these questions.

1.What does each of the following refer to?

LINES WORDS REFERENTS

2 it a company

5 this stage first step

17 IBM International Business Machine


2.Match the connective words or phrases with the appropriate
functions.

_c_ however (line 5) a. summarizing

_d_ then (line 8) b. illustrating

_a_ therefore (line 12) c. contrasting

_b_ for example (line 18) d. sequencing information


3.Summarize the two general steps in the
development of a multinational corporation.

a. establishing these trade relationship. (line 3-5)

b. focusing on the world market. (line 8-10)


4.Sometimes the definition of a term takes this form:

a controls the
A restrictive trade law → is → law → that → number of goods
imported or exported

{ that }
term being defined → verb to be → class→ { which } → definition

This type of definition is known as a formal definition.
In a formal definition the term or word being defined occurs first.
It is followed by the verb to be (usually is or are).
Next the class states the general group that the term belongs to:


TERMS CLASSES

multinational corporation company
typewriter business machine
absolute advantage theory of specialization


After the class, either that or which is used. Finally,
the definition itself includes information distinguishing this
term other members of its class.

Write formal definitions for multinational corporation (page 56),
corporation (page 57), and subsidiary (page 57).

a. A multinational corporation is a company that is primarily based in one country
and has production and marketing activities in foreign
countries.


b. __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

c. __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________


5.Formal definitions may be shortened to a more general form, which
includes less information. This is often called a semi-formal
definition. The class, that or which, and the verb to be are
omitted.


A restrictive trade law → controls → the number of goods imported
or exported

Term being defined → verb → definition


Change the formal definition from the previous exercise into
semi-formal definitions.


a.A multinational corporation is primarily based in one country
and has production and marketing activities in foreign countries.


b.____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

c.____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________



TENSES


Pr – Present; Ps-Past; S-Simple; C-Continuous; F-Future; Pf-Perfect


1. Pr.S - He writes many letters everyday. (habitual action)

2. Ps.S - He wrote m.1 yesterday. (occurred in the past)

3. Pr.C - It is writing m.1 now. (is occurring right now)

4. Ps.C - He was writing m.1 when it rained yesterday. (two actions in the past).

5. Pr.F - He will write m.1 tomorrow. (will happen in the future).

6. Ps.F - He would write m.1 yesterday, but he didn't have time.

7. Pr.Pf - He has written m.1 already (has just happened now).

8. Ps.Pf - He had written m.1 when it rained yesterday. (two actions in the past)

9. Pr.Fc - He will be writing m.1 when you visit him tomorrow. (in the future)

10.Ps.Fc - He would be writing m.1 when you visited him yesterday. (in the past)

11.Pr.FPf - He will have written m.1 when you come tomorrow (in the future)

12.Ps.FPf - He would have written m.1 when you come yesterday. (in the past)

13.Pr.Pfc - He has been writing m.1 for two days until now. (continuously from past
until now).

14.Ps.Pfc - He had been writing m.1 for two days until yesterday (continuously
from past to past)

15.Pr.Fpf.C - He will have been writing m.1 for two days will tomorrow. (until in
the future)

16.Pr.F.Pfc - He would have been writing m.1 for two days until yesterday. (until
in the past)




PT. MAHESA RATU

Jl. Cibubur III No. 6, Cibubur – Ciracas, Jakarta Timur
Phone : +62 21 87702691 Fax. : +62 21 87702691
Website : http://www.mahesaratu.com




PT. Mahesa Ratu
merupakan sebuah perusahaan kontraktor yang memiliki visi memberikan layanan yang terbaik dalam mewujudkan impian atau keinginan pelanggan atau klien dalam bidang jasa konstruksi, baik perencanaan dan pelaksanaannya. Menjadi perusahaan kontraktor jasa konstruksi yang profesional dan ditunjang oleh orang-orang yang berpengalaman serta mengutamakan Total Quality Management sehingga menghasilkan Total Quality Services bagi para pelanggan atau klien.

PT. Mahesa Ratu sebagai kontraktor sipil yang meliputi perencanaan, persiapan dan pelaksanaan menangani pembangunan konstruksi bangunan, pekerjaan sipil disertai mekanikal maupun elektrikal. Semua proses perencanaan, persiapan dan pelaksanaan dilakukan oleh tenaga yang ahli di bidang masing-masing.

PT. Mahesa Ratu memiliki misi:
* Memberikan pelayanan yang tepat waktu, efisien dan berkualitas
* Mengutamakan kepuasan pelanggan atau klien.
* Memberikan rekomendasi dan solusi yang tepat bagi pelanggan atau klien
* Membangun citra terbaik perusahaan

PT. Mahesa Ratu juga menjalin hubungan kerja sama dengan beberapa perusahaan, diantaranya:
* PT Bristol Myers Squibb Indonesia, tbk
* Glaxo Smith Kline
* PT. Quest International Indonesia – GIVAUDAN
* PT. Mitra Solusi Dinamika

Ruang lingkup pekerjaan PT. Mahesa Ratu meliputi bangunan :
a) Gedung Perkantoran
b) Gedung Sekolah
c) Gedung Olah Raga
d) Pabrik & Prasarana pabrik
e) Perumahan & Apartement
f) Jalan
g) Jembatan
h) Proyek renovasi lainnya



--------------------------------

Management System

* Klien ~ PT. Mahesa Ratu merupakan sebuah perusahaan kontraktor. Klien dari PT. Mahesa Ratu terdiri dari perusahaan-perusahaan, instansi pemerintah, serta organisasi-organisasi.

* Supplier ~ PT. Mahesa Ratu dalam melakukan kegiatan kerjanya menerima pasokan barang-barang dari toko bangunan dan penyewaan alat berat.

* Subcontractor ~ Selain itu, PT. Mahesa Ratu juga menjalin hubungan kerja sama dengan perusahaan-perusahaan kontraktor lainnya.

* Survey ~ Untuk menjalankan kegiatan kerjanya, PT. Mahesa Ratu melakukan langkah pertama yaitu survey atau mencari peluang dimana ada pekerjaan yang berkaitan dengan ruang lingkup pekerjaan sipil, diantaranya pembangunan, renovasi, modifikasi pembangunan.

* Lobby/meeting ~ PT. Mahesa Ratu juga melakukan lobby/meeting. Langkah ini bertujuan untuk menciptakan hubungan baik sehingga akan timbul ketertarikan pada pihak calon klien terhadap perusahaan ini.

* Penawaran ~ Kemudian langkah berikutnya yaitu PT. Mahesa Ratu mengajukan proposal penawaran harga kepada perusahaan yang telah disurvey sebelumnya, dan diselaraskan dengan komunikasi yang baik antara kedua belah pihak, yaitu antara perusahaan dan klien.

* Kesepakatan ~ Pada langkah ini, perusahaan terus-menerus menjalin komunikasi yang baik dalam rangka mencapai kesepakatan harga dengan klien. Apabila diperlukan, antara perusahaan dan klien dapat melakukan revisi harga sehingga didapatkan kesepakatan harga yang sesuai.

* Persiapan pekerjaan ~ Setelah kedua belah pihak mencapai kesepakatan harga, selagi perusahaan menunggu pihak klien mengeluarkan PO (purchase order), perusahaan dapat melakukan persiapan yang diperlukan untuk memulai pekerjaan.

* PO (purchase order) ~ PO yang dikeluarkan oleh pihak klien adalah sebagai tanda bahwa perusahaan diizinkan melakukan pekerjaan yang telah disepakati sebelumnya oleh kedua belah pihak.

* Pengerjaan ~ PT. Mahesa Ratu melakukan pengerjaan/menyelesaikan pekerjaan sesuai dengan tahapan yang telah dipersiapkan sebelumnya. Selama pengerjaan berlangsung, perusahaan harus tetap berkomunikasi dengan pihak klien berkaitan dengan progress atau perkembangan pekerjaan.

* Pengecekan akhir ~ Setelah semua pekerjaan selesai dilakukan, maka perusahaan melakukan pengecekan akhir. Apabila klien belum puas dengan hasil pekerjaan yang telah dilakukan, maka perusahaan harus memenuhi kewajiban memperbaiki pekerjaan sesuai standar yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya.

* Berita acara ~ Setelah semua pekerjaan selesai 100 % dan klien sudah merasa puas, maka diterbitkanlah surat Berita Acara yang ditandatangani oleh kedua belah pihak.

* Penagihan ~ Berdasarkan surat Berita Acara, maka perusahaan dapat mengirimkan tagihan/invoice kepada pihak klien untuk mendapatkan pembayaran.

* Penerimaan pembayaran ~ Pada prosedur terakhir ini, perusahaan menerima pembayaran dari pihak klien atas pekerjaan yang telah dilakukan sesuai dengan jadwal yang telah disepakati kedua belah pihak.